The Evolution of Sovereignty: A Non-Eurocentric Perspective
The modern state system is often traced back to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which laid the foundation for state sovereignty and non-interference as core norms. Initially a system that primarily governed European states, it has since become the dominant framework in international relations. However, critics argue that this system is fundamentally Eurocentric, imposing Western ideals on the global stage.
Despite these criticisms, non-Western countries like China have not only accepted but also embraced the concept of sovereignty in their discourse. China’s stance on sovereignty was highlighted in recent statements by President Xi Jinping, affirming their commitment to core interests of sovereignty and security. The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs also decried actions that infringed on China’s sovereignty, illustrating the importance they place on this concept.
A Non-Eurocentric Approach to the Concept of Sovereignty
Scholars have increasingly challenged the Eurocentric origins of sovereignty and other core IR theories. They argue that the narrative of Westphalian sovereignty ignores the influence of non-Western states and their historical forms of sovereign authority. Chinese scholars have delved into China’s unique understanding of sovereignty, emphasizing a concept of “universal sovereignty” that predates Western notions of statehood.
By reevaluating the perspective through which we analyze sovereignty, these studies prompt a reassessment of core assumptions in IR theory. They offer a more nuanced understanding of sovereignty, highlighting the agency of non-Western countries in shaping international norms.
A Material-Led Perspective on Sovereignty: Combining Theory and Practice
Krasner’s theory of sovereignty as ‘organized hypocrisy’ provides a rationalist view of state behavior, suggesting that state actions are primarily driven by self-interest rather than norm adherence. However, a material perspective rooted in world-systems theory offers a more comprehensive explanation for state behavior.
Wallerstein’s theory categorizes countries into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations based on their position in the global economy. This framework illuminates how state interests are tied to their economic position, shedding light on the material factors that influence sovereignty practices.
An Analysis of China’s Sovereignty Discourse and Practices
China’s discourse on sovereignty emphasizes non-interference and territorial rights, portraying a strong commitment to defending sovereignty. However, their practices, particularly through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), have raised concerns about infringing on the sovereignty of recipient states.
The BRI exemplifies how China’s economic interests may override their rhetoric on sovereignty, revealing a complex interplay between discourse and practice. By applying a world-systems perspective, we can understand China’s actions as driven by a desire to expand their capital into new territories.
Conclusion: Rethinking Sovereignty in a Changing World
This exploration of sovereignty through a non-Eurocentric lens challenges traditional narratives in IR theory. By incorporating material factors and historical context, we gain a deeper understanding of state behavior and the evolving concept of sovereignty.
As China continues to shape global affairs, it becomes imperative to reevaluate our theoretical frameworks and assumptions. By acknowledging the complexities of sovereignty and its intersection with material interests, we can better navigate the complexities of international relations in a changing world order.